Markers

Homocysteine is an amino acid that is formed from methionine and is influenced by nutrition and genetics. High levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk of health problems.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies that are directed against structures in the body's own cell nuclei. ANA are detected in the blood in several autoimmune diseases, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but also in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases.

Borrelia IgG-AK (antibodies) are antibodies against Borrelia bacteria and are used to identify previous Lyme infections. Tests for Borrelia antibodies IgG can provide valuable information about a person's exposure to Borrelia bacteria and help guide treatment decisions.

Borrelia IgM antibodies are the body's early defense against Borrelia infections. They are produced upon exposure to Borrelia bacteria and are particularly prominent in first-time infections, persist in the blood for over a year, and are weak or absent in a new infection in previously infected individuals.

Deamidated gliadin IgG antibodies are a biomarker used in suspected celiac disease, especially in people with IgA deficiency. The assay measures the immune system's reaction to a modified form of gluten and serves as an important complement to other antibody tests. An elevated value strengthens the suspicion of gluten intolerance and should always be assessed in a clinical context.

Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies IgG, are produced in response to previous infections and indicate immunity to the virus. by analyzing antibodies, previous infections and immunity status are confirmed.

HIV1/HIV2- Ab/Ag is an analysis that is commonly used before IVF treatment or during pregnancy. The analysis is a combination test for the identification of antibodies and antigen.

HTLV-1/2-ak, or HTLV-1/2 antibodies, are specific antibodies with a crucial role in medical diagnostics. They are used to identify and assess infections and immunity to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viruses. This biomarker is also relevant in reproductive medicine, particularly in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and can cause chronic gastritis, ulcers and, in rare cases, cancer in the lower part of the stomach (gastric cancer). The infection is very common globally and the majority are infected in childhood, especially in low-income countries or in environments with overcrowding and poor hygiene.

Hepatitis B core antibodies (HBc-Ab) constitute a crucial component in the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection as well as in the assessment of immunity to the virus.

Hepatitis C core antibodies (HBc-Ab) play a crucial role in assessing immunity and prior exposure to the Hepatitis C virus.

HCV antibodies, a crucial component of the body's immune response to the hepatitis C virus, play a critical role in determining previous exposure to the virus and closely monitoring the infection.

Herpes simplex (HSV-1) is a common infection that often causes cold sores. A blood test that measures IgG antibodies can tell if you have had the virus in the past.

HSV-2 mainly causes genital herpes. A blood test that measures IgG antibodies can tell you if you have had a previous infection, with or without symptoms.

IgE antibodies are a type of antibody that is formed during allergic reactions and play an important role in the immune system against allergens. When a person is exposed to an allergen, IgE antibodies are formed that attach to mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine that causes symptoms such as itching, nasal congestion and skin rashes.

IgG-1 is a critical part of the body's immune system, providing protection against a wide range of pathogens, neutralizing toxins, and contributing to the regulation of immune activity. Its broad functions make it one of the most important components of the adaptive immune system.

IgG-2 is a specialized subclass of Immunoglobulin G that helps combat bacteria with polysaccharide capsules and enhances the immune system's ability to handle specific infections.

IgG-3 is a dynamic subclass of Immunoglobulin G that strengthens the immune system by activating the complement system and aiding in the elimination of viruses and bacteria.

IgG-4 is a unique subclass of Immunoglobulin G that regulates the immune system and reduces inflammation. It plays a vital role in prolonged immune responses and allergic conditions.

IgG antibodies in relation to HIV are the body's specific defense against HIV infections. These antibodies are used to diagnose HIV, conduct screening, and monitor treatment effectiveness.

Chickenpox is a common infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. In the fight against this disease, immunoglobulin G (IgG), a specific type of antibody whose task is to create long-term immunity by fighting infections and viruses such as the varicella-zoster virus, plays a role.

IgG antibodies to Hepatitis B constitute a central part of the body's immune response to Hepatitis B. By understanding the role and levels of IgG antibodies, one can not only determine immunity to Hepatitis B but also assess previous infections and vaccination status.

IgG antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin (antibody) produced by the immune system in response to a previous infection or exposure to a specific antigen, in this case, the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a central part of the body's immune system. The four subclasses of IgG—IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4—each have specific functions that play an important role in protecting against infections. Here, their unique roles and significance in maintaining our health are explored.

Discover the importance of IgM antibodies in Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox, shingles) diagnosis and monitoring. Read about complications, vaccinations and why IgM analysis is essential for early identification of ongoing VZV infections. Understand the immune response by measuring IgM levels and how they temporarily indicate recent infections.

IgM antibodies are a type of antibodies that the body produces as part of its immune defense when exposed to a new infection. In the case of an HIV infection, IgM antibodies are the first antibodies that the body produces in response to the virus after a person has been infected.

IgM antibodies to Hepatitis B are an important part of the immune system's response to an ongoing or recently occurred Hepatitis B infection.

IgM antibodies in Syphilis are a specific type of antibodies that the body produces in response to an early Syphilis infection.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an important antibody for the body's mucosal immunity, which is called the mucosal immune system. IgA is found in high concentrations in mucous membranes, such as those of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in body fluids such as saliva, tears and breast milk.

S-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody in the blood and plays a central role in the body's defense against infections. IgG protects against bacteria and viruses, neutralizes pathogens and promotes long-term immunity.

IgM or Immunoglobulin M is the first antibody formed in response to an infection and activates the immune system immediately. An increase in IgM levels is a clear indication of an ongoing or recent infection.

Biomarker that demonstrates the concentration of IgG antibodies against the wuhan mutation, which are the antibodies that a vaccine normally aims to create because the body has the ability to retain them for a long time.

Biomarker that demonstrates the concentration of IgG antibodies against the Omicron mutation, which are the antibodies that a vaccine normally aims to create because the body has the ability to retain them for a long time.

Marker that indicates the quality and gives an indication of how long your antibodies block the covid-19 mutation Wuhan.

Marker that demonstrates the quality and gives an indication of how long antibodies block the virus, i.e. prevents it from spreading.

Rubella IgG antibodies are a marker that indicates immunity to the rubella virus, either through previous infection or vaccination. IgG antibodies play an important role in the body's long-term defense against rubella (rubella), a disease that is particularly dangerous for pregnant women and the child.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially severe viral disease transmitted by ticks, which can lead to neurological complications. To comprehend and diagnose this illness, IgG antibodies play a central role, as the body produces them in response to the TBE virus.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) poses a serious health threat transmitted by ticks, and to comprehend the early stage of this viral disease, the analysis of IgM antibodies is crucial. IgM antibodies, or Immunoglobulin M, represent the body's first line of defense against the TBE virus.

TPO antibodies are autoantibodies that are formed against the enzyme TPO in the thyroid gland. TPO is responsible for converting iodine into hormones T4 and T3.

TRAK, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, can be analyzed to give better insight into what is causing thyroid problems. High TRAK levels can cause an autoimmune reaction and lead to the body's immune system attacking and damaging the thyroid cells.

Biomarker for indication that the body has an initial ability to take care of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Wuhan.

Biomarker for indication that the body has an initial ability to take care of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Omicron.

Specific Biomarker for indication of how the body can prevent the near-term spread of Sars-CoV-2 variant Wuhan.

Specific Biomarker for indication of how the body can prevent the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Omicron in the near term.

Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are important markers for understanding and diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases. In this article, we will explain what TgAb are, why they are tested, and what different levels may indicate.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut bacterium that has been shown to play a central role in our health, particularly by maintaining a strong gut barrier and modulating the immune system. Research suggests that an increased concentration of Akkermansia in the gut flora can help improve metabolism, promote weight control, and reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases. By supporting a healthy balance of this bacteria, you can create good conditions for improved intestinal health and general well-being.

Reducing levels of Bacteroides vulgatus in the gut can have positive effects on your health. These bacteria have been shown to break down the protective mucus layer in the gut and are linked to several inflammatory conditions. Read on to understand why and how you can reduce these bacteria.

Bifidobacterium is a genus of good bacteria that make up an important part of the intestinal flora and have significant health benefits. These probiotic bacteria support digestion by breaking down dietary fiber, synthesizing essential vitamins and helping to maintain a balanced intestinal flora. Research has shown that Bifidobacterium can strengthen the immune system, reduce inflammatory processes and improve intestinal health, which in turn can have positive effects on general health.

Brachyspira is a bacterium that can cause serious infections in both animals and humans, leading to conditions like swine dysentery in pigs and intestinal inflammation in humans. It's primarily spread through fecal contamination and thrives in environments with poor sanitation.

Campylobacter coli is a common cause of stomach and intestinal infections. In this article, we explore the symptoms, treatment options, and how you can protect yourself from this bacteria. With scientific evidence and practical advice, we help you understand and manage Campylobacter infections.

Escherichia coli is a common bacterium that can, in some cases, cause severe infections, particularly when it involves multidrug-resistant strains. Symptoms range from diarrhea and abdominal pain to serious complications such as sepsis.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the "good" bacteria in our gut flora that promotes gut health by producing butyric acid, an anti-inflammatory substance that strengthens the gut barrier and can reduce inflammation throughout the body. A high-fiber diet supports the growth of this important bacteria.

This biomarker is used to quantify the proportion of bacteria in the intestinal flora that are involved in the production of folic acid, an essential B vitamin that is crucial for DNA synthesis and cell function. Through a stool analysis, one can identify and measure specific bacterial species, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which are known for their ability to synthesize folic acid. The results of this analysis provide insights into the gut flora's capacity to contribute to the body's folic acid levels, which is important for supporting the immune system, nervous system function and preventing various health conditions that can be linked to folic acid deficiency.

Lactobacillus bacteria are beneficial probiotics that support gut health by aiding digestion, enhancing the immune system, and preventing harmful bacteria from thriving. They produce lactic acid, which helps maintain a balanced pH in the gut, promoting overall well-being.

Lactose intolerance can be a challenge for many, but there is hope. Certain bacteria in our intestinal flora have the ability to break down lactose and relieve symptoms such as bloating and diarrhea. In this article, we explore the scientific evidence and provide practical advice to improve your gut health.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterium known for causing pneumonia, particularly in children and young adults. This organism is unique among pathogens that cause human diseases because it lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to many common antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

Oligofructose and inulin are prebiotic fibers that play an important role in our intestinal health. By supporting the growth of good bacteria in the gut, these fibers can contribute to the production of important fatty acids and reduce the feeling of hunger. Learn more about the scientific evidence behind these benefits and get practical advice for including them in your diet.

Research shows that bacteria in the gut flora that produce the fatty acids butyric acid and propionic acid have several health benefits. These include anti-inflammatory properties, appetite regulation and improved metabolism. Learn more about how these bacteria can contribute to your health.

Ruminococcus gnavus is a gut bacterium that plays a complex role in your health. Research has shown that elevated levels of this bacteria can be linked to IBS, inflammatory bowel disease and other health problems. At the same time, it is also important for the breakdown of certain dietary fibers.

Ruminococcus torques is a type of gut bacterium that can break down the protective layer of the intestinal lining. Higher levels of this bacterium have been linked to gut issues such as IBS and inflammatory bowel diseases. Read on to understand why it may be desirable to reduce levels of Ruminococcus torques and how you can do it.

Shigella boydii is a bacterium that can cause serious stomach and intestinal infections. In this article, we go over the symptoms, treatment options and how you can best prevent infections.

Shigella dysenteriae is a bacteria that can cause serious gastrointestinal problems. In this article we go through the symptoms, treatment methods and how you can prevent the infection.

Shigella flexneri is a bacterium that can cause serious stomach and intestinal infections. In this article you will learn more about its symptoms, how it spreads and what you can do to protect yourself and others.

Shigella sonnei is a bacterium that causes shigella infection, an intestinal disease with symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach pain. In this article, we go over how you can recognize the symptoms, how the infection spreads, and what you can do to treat and prevent it.

Butyric acid, a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria, has been shown to have several health benefits. It can reduce inflammation, regulate appetite and improve metabolism. Here we explore the scientific evidence and practical advice surrounding butyric acid and its positive effects on our health.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium that can cause gastrointestinal infections, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. It often spreads through contaminated food, especially pork, and unpasteurized milk. Good hygiene and proper cooking are key to preventing infection.

When the blood is pumped out of the heart into the body, what is called blood pressure occurs. Blood pressure is a vital process in the body because it controls the flow of oxygen and nutrients to all tissues and organs.

Red blood cells erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells in humans. These are responsible, among other things, for transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

Hematocrit, EVF, a percentage of red blood cells in the blood, shows oxygen transport and health.

Hemoglobin mass is affected by several factors such as number of red blood cells, size and amount of hemoglobin mass in each cell. Higher hemoglobin mass results in better oxygen delivery and reduced fatigue during physical activity.

Lipoprotein Lp(a) is of particular interest because high levels of Lp(a) in the blood have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease including heart attacks and strokes.

P-NT-proBNP is a marker used to diagnose and monitor heart failure. It is released from the heart upon increased filling pressure, and high levels often indicate heart failure. P-NT-proBNP has a high negative predictive value, meaning that low levels can effectively rule out heart failure. The marker is particularly useful in acute care situations for rapid diagnosis and can also contribute to improving treatment management and prognosis assessment in patients with heart failure.

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that develop in the bone marrow. They are important for measuring the body's ability to produce new red blood cells and can be used to evaluate bone marrow function and in the diagnosis of various blood disorders.

Rtc(B)- MCH (hemoglobin in reticulocytes) is a medical test that measures the level of reticulocytes in the blood and is carried out when diagnosing iron deficiency or increased need for iron.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a sex hormone produced by the testes in men and the ovaries in women. It regulates the number of follicles that develop in the ovaries and thus affects fertility.

Cortisol is the most important hormone of glucocorticoids and regulates the metabolism of fat, proteins and sugar in the body as well as inhibits inflammation and allergies, and is secreted during stress but can also decrease during prolonged stress or illness.

DHEA-S is a steroid hormone that is formed in the adrenal cortex and converted into sex hormones. DHEA-S may have benefits such as improving cognitive function and muscle mass, reducing inflammation, and improving immune function.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), also known as S-DHT, is a potent male sex hormone formed from testosterone via the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. DHT has a strong effect on tissues such as the skin, hair follicles, and prostate, and is crucial for the development of genitalia during the fetal stage and pubertal changes in men. High DHT levels can contribute to hair loss and prostate enlargement, while low levels may affect sexual function and body hair growth.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone secreted by the kidneys to regulate the production of red blood cells. Analysis is carried out in the diagnosis of blood-related diseases such as anemia and polycythemia and to treat anemia linked to chronic diseases.

Estradiol is a form of estrogen, one of the most important female sex hormones. It plays an important role in regulating the menstrual cycle, preparing for pregnancy, and maintaining normal female reproductive functions.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), is a sex hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and has a major impact on reproductive health and fertility in both men and women.

Free testosterone is a form of testosterone that circulates in the blood and is not bound to any proteins, making it available for the body's tissues to use.

IGF-1 is a type of growth factor that is chemically similar to insulin. It is produced mainly in the liver, but also by several other tissues in the body, such as the heart, kidneys and bones. This hormone plays an important role in the regulation of growth and development, as well as in cell growth and survival in various tissues.

Insulin is a key hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's metabolism and regulation of blood sugar levels. This section explains insulin's functions, its importance for health, and how to manage insulin-related issues such as insulin resistance.

Calcitonin is a hormone that is primarily used as a tumor marker in medullary thyroid cancer. It is produced in the C cells of the thyroid gland and can also be elevated in other neuroendocrine tumors, such as pheochromocytoma and endocrine tumors of the pancreas and intestines.

Corticotropin, also called ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), is an important hormonal biomarker produced in the pituitary gland. Its main role is to regulate the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

Lutropin, also known as luteinizing hormone (LH), is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a gland located in the brain. LH plays an important role in the reproductive system in both men and women.

Melatonin is often called the body's "sleep hormone" because it plays a crucial role in regulating our circadian rhythm and preparing the body for sleep. But melatonin's functions extend far beyond sleep – it is also a powerful antioxidant, affects the immune system, regulates hormone balance and helps protect the nervous system from damage and premature aging.

Oxytocin, sometimes called the "love hormone", is produced in the brain's hypothalamus and affects the body in many ways. It can relieve pain, help heal wounds, and reduce heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of stress hormones. By acting as a regulator of bodily processes, it opens up possibilities for therapeutic use.

Parathyroid hormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH has a crucial role in the regulation of calcium balance in the body.

Progesterone is a female sex hormone that occurs naturally in the body and is important for the female reproductive system. It is produced mainly in the ovaries of the ovulatory cycle and in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands.

Prolactin is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a gland in the brain. It plays an important role in the regulation of reproductive and lactation functions in women.

Detecting pregnancy early is possible, an increased hCG value can usually be measured just a few days after the egg implantation has taken place.

Sensitive S-Estradiol is an advanced analytical method for accurately measuring low estradiol levels in the blood. It is particularly useful in hormonal evaluations where high precision is required, such as in cases of pubertal abnormalities, estrogen-producing tumors, or gynecomastia in men.

Somatotropin or GH (Growth Hormone), is a protein hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. The hormone has a central role in the regulation of growth, metabolism and several other biological functions. Analyzes are carried out when doping is suspected at the elite level and to monitor growth during puberty.

T3 Free (Triiodothyronine) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and plays an important role in the body's metabolism. A hormonal imbalance in the thyroid gland can lead to thyroid disorders.

T4 Free is a thyroid hormone that measures the free thyroxine in the blood and plays an important role in body temperature and metabolism. An imbalance may indicate thyroid problems.

TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. TSH plays an important role in the body's hormone system and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T4 and T3.

Testosterone is an important male and female sex hormone produced in the testes in males and in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females, as well as from the conversion of androstenedione in peripheral tissues, and is essential for a variety of physiological processes, including sexual development and function.

Anti-CCP is an autoantibody of significance in rheumatology and in the diagnosis of the disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA), also known as rheumatoid joint inflammation. Anti-CCP typically occurs only when there is suspicion of rheumatoid arthritis and is therefore a very specific biomarker.

S-Orosomucoid (ORM) is an acute phase protein produced in the liver and serves as a marker of inflammation, infection, and certain disease states. It plays a role in the immune system, drug transport, and regulation of inflammatory processes.

Fibrinogen is a protein that plays a crucial role in the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding. When blood vessels are damaged, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a network to stabilize the blood clot. Elevated or decreased levels of fibrinogen can signal various medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, inflammatory processes or liver damage. By measuring P-Fibrinogen in the blood, important information can be obtained about coagulation ability and underlying disease conditions.

RF is primarily associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) an autoimmune disease that affects the joints. In the case of RA, RF targets IgG antibodies and forms immune complexes, leading to inflammation in the joints.

Sex chromosomes X and Y are a fundamental part of our genetics and play a central role in determining an individual's sex as well as influencing various biological processes.

Chromosome 13 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells and contains over 300 genes that are essential for the body’s development. A genetic abnormality associated with chromosome 13 is Trisomy 13, or Patau syndrome, where the individual has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of two. Trisomy 13 can be diagnosed through prenatal tests such as NIPT, ultrasound, or amniocentesis.

Chromosome 18 contains over 200 genes and is crucial for the body's development. A genetic abnormality like Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, means the individual has three copies of chromosome 18, leading to severe physical and cognitive developmental problems.

Chromosome 21 is crucial for the body's development and contains over 200 genes that influence important body functions, such as the heart and nervous system. An abnormality in this chromosome, Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), means that the individual has three copies instead of two, leading to physical and cognitive changes. Down syndrome can be diagnosed through tests such as NIPT, ultrasound, or amniocentesis. In Sweden, approximately 120 children are born with Down syndrome each year.

Alate, alanine aminotransferase, is an enzyme found in the cells of the liver and the tissues of the body. The marker Alat, alanine aminotransferase, is used when liver cell damage is suspected.

Alkaline phosphatases, ALP, are a type of enzyme that breaks down phosphate groups in organic molecules and are active at a higher pH value (alkaline).

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that is normally found inside the cells of the liver. In case of inflammation or irritation in the liver, AST can leak into the blood.

GT, gamma, is an enzyme that the body uses to break down amino acids. If liver or biliary tract disease is suspected, the GT value can be measured.

HDL cholesterol, also known as "the good cholesterol", has anti-inflammatory properties and is responsible for transporting unwanted cholesterol to the liver for burning, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Cholesterol is a natural fat that is important to the body because it helps build cells and produce hormones. It is found both in the cells of the body and in certain foods.

LDL cholesterol, also known as "bad cholesterol", is a form of cholesterol carried in the body that can cause heart disease if there is too much of it.

Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood and used as a source of energy. They are a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids and play an important role in the body's energy metabolism. High levels of triglycerides in the blood have been shown to be a risk factor for health problems such as cardiovascular disease.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be highly dangerous in its inorganic form. It is important to analyze arsenic levels in the blood to assess exposure and reduce the risk of serious health problems, especially from contaminated water and certain foods like rice.

Common symptoms and causes of high and low iron levels. Imbalanced iron levels can cause various conditions that may sometimes require treatment.

Calcium is important for muscles, nerves and heart. We get calcium from dairy products, leafy vegetables and nuts. Vegetarians and vegans can get added calcium from alternatives to milk.

Free calcium ions are crucial for the function of cells, including nerve cells, muscles, and cell membranes. The balance of calcium ions is important to maintain vital functions, and significant deviations can affect your health.

Potassium is an important mineral for body function, especially for muscle cells. A small part of the total amount of potassium is found in body fluids, and when the potassium level is measured, it is measured in the fluid around the blood cells.

S-copper is a biomarker for measuring the level of copper in the blood. Copper is a vital trace element that the body only needs in very small amounts and is mainly supplied through the diet. Sampling is usually done at the discretion of a doctor, for example if there is suspicion of excess copper.

Magnesium is a mineral that is important for many of the body's functions, such as metabolism and the functioning of the nerves.

S-Selen measures selenium in the blood – an important trace element for the thyroid gland, the immune system and the body's protection against oxidative stress. The analysis helps to detect deficiency or excess.

Sodium is a mineral that we get in our diet through, for example, meat, fish and cereals, as well as ordinary table salt, which consists of sodium chloride.

Transferrin saturation measures the amount of iron bound to transferrin in the blood. Together with other markers, transferrin saturation can be used to investigate and monitor iron deficiency/excessive iron absorption.

Zinc is an important mineral in the human body and plays a role in many biological processes in us, such as our immune system and wound healing.

Cystatin C is a protein produced by all cells in the body and filtered by the kidneys. Measuring cystatin C levels can give an indication of kidney function.

Phosphate is an additive, it often appears in combination with, for example, sodium and calcium which form salts - these are called phosphates.

Chloride is an electrolyte that is important for normal cell function and regulation of fluid and salt balance in the body. It is part of the stomach's hydrochloric acid and contributes to food digestion.

Creatinine is formed in your muscles when the body breaks down creatine phosphate (the muscles' energy reserve). The kidneys' job is to filter creatinine.

Urate or uric acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound produced in the kidneys and intestines and excreted when the body breaks down substances called purines.

Urea is a residual product that is formed during the breakdown of proteins and amino acids from the food we put into us

eGFR is a marker of kidney function, a low eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) may indicate impaired kidney function.

Albumin is a protein from the liver that keeps fluid in the bloodstream. In kidney disease, albumin can leak into the urine, resulting in lower albumin levels in the blood and swelling of the body. Low albumin can also indicate poor nutritional status.

Antitrypsin analysis is used when there is suspicion of genetic deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin, an inherited disease that can lead to COPD/emphysema and liver damage. The test is also used in inflammation investigations and in the assessment of liver diseases. Low levels may indicate a genetic deficiency or severe liver disease, while elevated levels are seen in inflammation, infections and hormone therapy.

Apolipoprotein A1 is the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein, HDL-cholesterol "the good cholesterol", and protects against cardiovascular diseases.

Blood fat disorders increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and Apolipoprotein B, a component of LDL cholesterol also known as "the bad cholesterol", contributes to this risk.

By determining the ratio between Apolipoprotein B and Apolipoprotein A1, you get an indication of the balance between them, which is a good indicator for assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Basophilic granulocytes are a type of white blood cell formed in the bone marrow from stem cells and are used to assess the health of the bone marrow and to detect any disease or infection in the body.

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is an immune system protein found on almost all cells and filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels are seen in certain diseases, particularly hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and CLL, where it is used as a tumor marker and prognostic factor. Since B2M is also affected by renal function and inflammation, interpretation requires a broader clinical picture.

Blood typing is a vital test that identifies antigens on red blood cells according to the ABO and RhD systems. Knowing your blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusions, pregnancy care, and other medical procedures.

CA 125 is a protein that can be measured in the blood and is primarily used to detect and monitor ovarian cancer. Elevated levels can also be seen in other types of cancer and benign conditions; therefore, the results are interpreted in conjunction with other examinations.

CA 15-3 is a tumor marker often used to monitor breast cancer. Elevated levels can indicate the progression of the disease, but also occur in other forms of cancer or benign conditions. The analysis is an important tool, but should always be interpreted in combination with other clinical findings.

CA 19-9 is a glycoprotein that appears on the surface of some cancer cells. It is mainly associated with pancreatic cancer but can also be elevated in other conditions such as bile duct cancer and colorectal cancer. It is produced by normal cells in the gastrointestinal tract but in higher concentrations by cancer cells.

CRP is an abbreviation for C-reactive protein, which is part of our immune system. CRP is measured to check that you do not have an infection or inflammation in the body.

Carcinoembryonic antigen S-CEA is a valuable biomarker in medical diagnostics and treatment of specific cancers. While the assay offers important information, it should always be used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods and clinical assessment.

S-Ceruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein used to investigate copper deficiency and disorders such as Wilson's and Menkes disease. Elevated levels are seen in inflammation, while low levels may indicate copper deficiency with symptoms like anemia and osteoporosis.

Eosinophilic granulocytes are white blood cells that are involved in the body's defense against allergies and parasites, are formed in the bone marrow and are used for the diagnosis of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, allergies or parasitic infections, and are included in a differential count of B cells, among other white blood cells.

The body's iron is stored by ferritin, which is a protein. A normal level of ferritin is important for the body's formation of hemoglobin which takes place through iron.

B-HLA-B27 is an important biomarker analyzed through DNA extracted from leukocytes in whole blood. It is associated with several inflammatory diseases and is used to understand and diagnose various medical conditions.

Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that binds free hemoglobin during hemolysis. It is used to investigate anemia, inflammation, and liver disease through blood analysis

HbA1c is a blood test that measures your long-term sugar, that is, blood sugar bound to red blood cells over a three-month period. HbA1c shows the level of blood sugar during that period.

Hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, it is produced in the bone marrow and is important for the body's function and for the diagnosis of diseases.

High-sensitivity CRP is a marker of inflammation and is used as an indicator of cardiovascular disease risk and low-grade inflammation.

High-sensitivity troponin I (hs-Troponin I) is a blood test used to detect early signs of heart damage, especially in cases of suspected heart attack.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is an enzyme that is found in the body's cells and is released when tissue is damaged. Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) indicate cell breakdown and tissue damage that may be related to cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, or liver.

Leukocytes are white blood cells that are important for the body's immune system and protect against infections and diseases by attacking harmful substances.

Lymphocytes are an important type of white blood cell in the immune system that includes B lymphocytes that produce antibodies and T lymphocytes that directly attack infected cells and cancer cells, and also contribute to the memory of previous encounters with foreign substances.

MCV stands for erythrocyte mean cell volume. Low or high levels of MCV can indicate anemia and other conditions and diseases.

Monocytes are white blood cells that make up about 2-8% of white blood cells and are important for the immune system which, when they reach the tissue, are transformed into macrophages and are specialized in capturing and destroying foreign particles and bacteria as well as helping to regulate inflammation and coordinate the immune system.

Myoglobin är ett viktigt protein i kroppens muskler som spelar en avgörande roll för syretransport och muskelhälsa. Dess huvudsakliga uppgift är att säkerställa att musklerna har tillräckligt med syre för att fungera effektivt, särskilt under fysisk aktivitet.

There are several different types of white blood cells, neutrophil granulocytes are one, these have all important tasks for the body's immune system.

P-PK (INR) is a coagulation test that measures how quickly the blood clots and is used, among other things, in treatment with warfarin or in the investigation of liver disease.

P-Protein, also known as total protein, is the total concentration of all proteins in plasma. It plays a central role in the body's functions and is used to assess nutritional status as well as monitor inflammatory conditions.

HIV antigen is a part of the HIV virus, specifically a protein called p24 antigen. This antigen is a structural component of the virus.

Free PSA can be crucial in the investigation of prostate cancer. It represents the portion of PSA that is not bound to proteins in the blood. By measuring free PSA, doctors can be assisted in distinguishing between prostate cancer and other conditions. Read more about how free PSA is used in medical diagnostics to provide more accurate assessments and avoid unnecessary medical procedures.

Calculating the ratio of free PSA to total PSA is a useful method for evaluating prostate cancer risk, where a higher ratio often means lower risk and a lower ratio may indicate higher risk.

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are cells important for blood clotting. They are produced in the bone marrow and help prevent bleeding by forming blood clots in the event of injury. The platelets attach to the site of injury and form a plug to stop the bleeding and protect the body.

Leptin, also known as the body's satiety hormone, plays a crucial role in regulating appetite, energy balance, and body weight. But its function extends far beyond just signaling when we are full – the hormone is also linked to the immune system, inflammatory processes, and even our sleep cycle.

S-Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker used to identify bacterial infections and sepsis. The test helps guide antibiotic therapy and reduce resistance.

S-AFP (alpha-1-fetoprotein) is a biomarker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain cancers and liver diseases in adults. The protein is naturally produced in high levels during the fetal stage but is only present in very small amounts in healthy adults. Elevated levels may indicate conditions such as liver cancer, testicular cancer or ovarian cancer. Analysis of S-AFP is primarily used to identify these conditions and to monitor disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

SHBG is a protein produced in the liver that binds to sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol in the blood.

Measuring the sedimentation rate is a classic method to measure how quickly the blood cells sink downwards in a tube during 1 hour.

The blood contains a protein called transferrin that binds iron in the body. The iron can be transported from the intestine to other parts of the body with the help of transferrin. TIBC (iron-binding capacity) measures how much transferrin is in the blood to transport iron.

Transferrin, a liver-made protein, transports iron to body tissues, including red blood cells, for hemoglobin production. It regulates iron levels and ensures adequate iron for hemoglobin and oxygen transport in the blood.

Troponin is an important biomarker used to diagnose myocardial damage, mainly in suspected myocardial infarction. Troponin when the heart muscle is damaged, making it a sensitive indicator of acute heart problems. Elevated troponin levels can be detected as early as a few hours after an injury and can remain elevated for several days, making it useful both in emergency diagnostics and for monitoring cardiac recovery. The troponin test is therefore a central tool in emergency healthcare and is used to quickly and effectively confirm or rule out a heart attack.

SARS-CoV-2, better known as the coronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19, belongs to a larger strain of viruses known as betacoronaviruses.

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is necessary for the body's functionality in the nervous system and for the production of red blood cells. Lack of vitamin B12 can indicate health problems that need to be followed up.

The biomarker S-25-hydroxy-Vitamin D is analyzed in order to measure and assess the Vitamin-D balance in the body.

Folate is an important B vitamin that plays a central role in cell growth and function, the production of DNA and RNA, and blood formation.

Retinol is a bioactive form of vitamin A that plays a crucial role in vision, immune system and skin health. Vitamin A is present as retinol and carotenoids in the diet, and its levels can be measured via S-retinol to ensure balance and avoid deficiency or toxicity.

(B)Erc-MCHC stands for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration" and represents the mean value of the hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocytes.

Bilirubin is a waste product that is formed as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin, the red blood pigment, in the body. Here you will learn more about bilirubin and what high and low levels can mean.

The amount of C-peptide in the blood is used to measure the insulin production of the pancreas and helps in the classification of diabetes and treatment choices.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that breaks down histamine in the body. A high or low value can indicate various health problems such as histamine intolerance.

RDW (Red cell distribution width) is a measure of the size variation of erythrocytes (red blood cells). It is used as part of a blood count to assess the presence of anisocytosis, which can provide valuable information in the investigation of anemia and other hematological conditions.

PEth (phosphatidylethanol) is a metabolite of alcohol in the form of a membrane-bound phospholipid, which acts as a direct and specific marker of alcohol intake during the last days and weeks.

Glucose is a type of sugar that provides energy and comes from food. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the cells. Blood sugar is the level of glucose in the blood and can be high or low. Diabetes affects blood sugar levels and causes high blood sugar.

HBsAg, or Hepatitis B surface antigen, is a crucial marker in the diagnosis and monitoring of Hepatitis B infections. This antigen plays a key role in identifying and understanding the presence of the disease.

Creatine kinase is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the body's muscles. Creatine kinase is found in the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and other body tissues.

LDL/HDL ratio is an important measurement value for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is the ratio of "bad" LDL cholesterol to "good" HDL cholesterol in the blood, where a high ratio indicates an increased risk of disease.

Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which means that lactose is not broken down in the small intestine but is fermented in the large intestine. This can cause bloating, gas and diarrhea after consuming dairy products. The condition affects approximately 5–10% of the Swedish population, while up to 90% of the population in some parts of the world lack the ability to break down lactose in adulthood.

Lipase is an enzyme necessary for fat metabolism, which breaks down triglycerides in digestion and adipose tissues. Analysis of P-Lipas is mainly carried out to diagnose pancreas-related conditions such as pancreatitis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate acute pancreatitis, which can cause intense abdominal pain, nausea, and fever, and requires medical evaluation.

Methyl malonate (MMA) is a substance in the body that helps break down certain fats and proteins. It is part of a process called the Krebs cycle, which is important for the body to be able to produce energy. An analysis of MMA is often used to investigate whether there is a deficiency of vitamin B12. The MMA concentration in the blood increases when there is not enough B12.

Non-HDL cholesterol, also known as non-HDL cholesterol, is an important marker for assessing the risk of heart disease. It represents a total amount of cholesterol particles in the blood that can promote the formation of plaques in the blood vessels.

P-Lead is a critical biomarker that helps us understand and manage the risks of lead exposure and potential lead poisoning. By being aware of lead sources and taking steps to reduce exposure, we can effectively protect our health.

Paracetamol is a common pain reliever, but an overdose can lead to severe liver damage. A blood test for P-Paracetamol is taken at least 4 hours after ingestion to assess the risk. At high levels, acetylcysteine is administered as an antidote to prevent damage.

Standard bicarbonate (B-) is an important biomarker used to assess the body's acid-base balance and identify metabolic disorders. It is part of the blood gas analysis and can help differentiate between metabolic and respiratory influences on pH balance. By measuring standard bicarbonate, healthcare professionals can obtain valuable information about conditions such as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, which is crucial in the investigation of kidney and metabolic diseases.

PSA, which stands for prostate-specific antigen, is a naturally occurring enzyme in the body of both healthy and diseased men, which is produced in the prostate gland. Small amounts of PSA can leak into the blood in healthy men and is a factor taken into account when assessing prostate health.

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme that is important for the body's digestive ability when digesting carbohydrates. The enzyme is produced in the pancreas and is used to break down starch into small sugar molecules.

Pt-eGFR (crea) relative is a health marker that helps estimate kidney function and can help identify any diseases or other abnormalities.

Pt-eGFR(mean) relative is a calculated mean value of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine and cystatin C. It is used to assess renal function in suspected or known renal failure.

S-ACE (Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) is a biomarker used in the investigation of sarcoidosis and blood pressure regulation. Elevated levels may indicate granulomatous diseases, while low values ​​are seen with ACE inhibitor therapy.

Amylase is an enzyme that reflects the function of the salivary glands and pancreas and is used in the investigation of pain in the face or upper abdomen.

S-CDT, or (carbohydrate-poor transferrin) is a biomarker used to detect long-term and/or high alcohol consumption in combination.

Neuron-specific enolase (S-NSE) is a biomarker used in medicine to assess nerve cell damage and monitor neuroendocrine tumors. S-NSE provides clinically relevant information about cellular damage, prognosis, and treatment response and is particularly significant in the diagnosis of neurological conditions and in prognostic evaluation after cardiac arrest.

S-alpha-Tocopherol is the primary form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative stress and support the immune system. The analysis is important in cases of suspected deficiency, toxicity, or malabsorption.

It is the medical recommendation given based on a person's Stockholm3 risk score, which is a percentage indicating the risk of having clinically significant prostate cancer.

The Stockholm3 risk score is a numerical value that indicates the probability that a man has clinically significant prostate cancer. The test is analyzed in a central database where a validated model calculates an individual risk.

Biopsy cutoff is the threshold value in the Stockholm3 test risk score that determines whether a man should be further investigated for prostate cancer, in which case this is done, for example, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or prostate biopsy.

Stockholm3 is a PSA test for the early detection of treatment-requiring prostate cancer by combining several biomarkers and clinical data in an algorithm with the aim of providing a more qualitative risk assessment regarding prostate cancer. And with a higher precision, which results in reducing overdiagnosis and indicating detection of prostate cancer requiring treatment.

When investigating the autoimmune disease celiac disease, an analysis of transglutaminase antibodies of IgA can be done to find out whether the value is high or not.

Pepsinogen is a biomarker used to assess gastric function and health, especially in cases of suspected atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and Helicobacter pylori-related lesions.