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Polycystic multifollicular ovary syndrome (PMOS), formerly known as PCOS, is a common hormonal condition that affects about one in ten women of childbearing age. The disease causes an imbalance in sex hormones, which often leads to irregular periods, increased hair growth, acne and difficulty getting pregnant. PMOS is also closely linked to insulin resistance and metabolic health, but symptoms can be effectively alleviated through lifestyle changes and targeted medical treatment.
What is PMOS?
Polycystic multifollicular ovarian syndrome (PMOS), formerly known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries. It is characterized by an imbalance in sex hormones, which can lead to a variety of symptoms and health problems. PMOS affects approximately one in ten women of childbearing age and can in some cases be a precursor to metabolic syndrome, which in turn increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. PMOS is characterized by the formation of many small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) on one or both ovaries. At the same time, the production of the male sex hormone testosterone is usually elevated in relation to the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. This increased level of testosterone affects the body in several ways. It can make ovulation more irregular or absent altogether, lead to changes in the menstrual cycle and increase the tendency to gain weight.
Causes of PMOS
The causes of polycystic multifollicular ovarian syndrome (PMOS) are not fully established, but it is a complex disease that is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. Here are some of the factors suspected of being involved in the onset of PMOS:
- Genetics: There is a genetic component to the onset of PMOS. If there are cases of PMOS in the family, the risk of developing the disease increases.
- Hormonal imbalance: PMOS is primarily a hormonal disorder. An important factor is insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond normally to insulin. This leads to increased production of insulin in the body, which in turn can increase the production of male sex hormones (androgens) such as testosterone.
- Oestrogen and progesterone: An imbalance between estrogen and progesterone can affect ovulation and the menstrual cycle. PMOS patients may have high levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone.
- Inflammation: Inflammation may play a role in the development of PMOS. Inflammatory processes in the body can affect the ovaries and hormone production.
- Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins and chemicals can also be a contributing factor.
- Overweight: Being overweight and obese can increase the risk of PMS and worsen symptoms, especially insulin resistance.
It is important to note that the causes of PMS can vary from person to person and research is still ongoing to better understand this condition.
PMOS Symptoms
Here are some of the most common symptoms and signs of PMS:
- Irregular menstruation: One of the most prominent symptoms of PMS is irregular menstruation, which can include missing periods, long cycles, or irregular bleeding.
- Increased hair growth (hirsutism): PMS can cause excessive hair growth in areas where men normally have hair, such as the face, chest, and back.
- Acne: People with PMS may suffer from acne and oily skin due to hormonal changes.
- Weight gain: Many people with PMS have difficulty controlling their weight or experience unwanted weight gain.
- Hair loss: Some women may experience hair loss, especially on the top of their head.
- Dark skin areas (acanthosis nigricans): PMOS can sometimes lead to dark patches or discoloration of the skin, usually in the neck, armpits, or groin.
- Difficulty getting pregnant: Because PMS can affect ovulation, it can be difficult for some women to get pregnant.
- Painful periods: Painful periods and pelvic pain can be common among women with PMS.
- Mood swings and depression: Hormonal Imbalances can affect mood and cause emotional symptoms such as depression and anxiety.
- Increased risk of metabolic problems: PMOS is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Treatment
Treatment of polycystic multifollicular ovary syndrome focuses on managing and relieving the various symptoms and health risks associated with the condition. Treatment is tailored to the individual depending on the severity of symptoms and the patient's goals:
- Hormonal balancing medications: Birth control pills can be used to regulate the menstrual cycle, reduce excessive hair growth, and improve acne. Medications such as spironolactone can reduce excessive hair growth and acne by dampening the effects of male sex hormones.
- Fertility treatment: People trying to conceive may need help with ovulation. Your doctor may prescribe medications such as clomiphene or injectable hormones to stimulate ovulation. IVF (in vitro fertilization) may be an option if other methods fail.
- Weight management and lifestyle: Losing weight if you are overweight improves insulin sensitivity and helps regulate your menstrual cycle. A nutritious diet and regular exercise are recommended.
- Insulin-regulating medications: Metformin may be prescribed to improve the body's ability to use insulin and lower insulin levels, which is especially useful in insulin resistance.
- Hair removal methods: Methods such as waxing, shaving, laser or hair removal creams can be used to manage unwanted hair growth.
- Regular health check-ups: As PMS is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is important to regularly follow up on your health with a doctor.
