Proteins

Albumin is a protein from the liver that keeps fluid in the bloodstream. In kidney disease, albumin can leak into the urine, resulting in lower albumin levels in the blood and swelling of the body. Low albumin can also indicate poor nutritional status.

S-AFP (alpha-1-fetoprotein) is a biomarker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain cancers and liver diseases in adults. The protein is naturally produced in high levels during the fetal stage but is only present in very small amounts in healthy adults. Elevated levels may indicate conditions such as liver cancer, testicular cancer or ovarian cancer. Analysis of S-AFP is primarily used to identify these conditions and to monitor disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

Antitrypsin analysis is used when there is suspicion of genetic deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin, an inherited disease that can lead to COPD/emphysema and liver damage. The test is also used in inflammation investigations and in the assessment of liver diseases. Low levels may indicate a genetic deficiency or severe liver disease, while elevated levels are seen in inflammation, infections and hormone therapy.

Apolipoprotein A1 is the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein, HDL-cholesterol "the good cholesterol", and protects against cardiovascular diseases.

Blood fat disorders increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and Apolipoprotein B, a component of LDL cholesterol also known as "the bad cholesterol", contributes to this risk.

By determining the ratio between Apolipoprotein B and Apolipoprotein A1, you get an indication of the balance between them, which is a good indicator for assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

P-APT time (APTT) is a coagulation test that measures how quickly the blood clots via the intrinsic system and is used, among other things, in heparin treatment or in the investigation of bleeding disorders.

Basophilic granulocytes are a type of white blood cell formed in the bone marrow from stem cells and are used to assess the health of the bone marrow and to detect any disease or infection in the body.

Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is an immune system protein found on almost all cells and filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels are seen in certain diseases, particularly hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and CLL, where it is used as a tumor marker and prognostic factor. Since B2M is also affected by renal function and inflammation, interpretation requires a broader clinical picture.

Blood typing is a vital test that identifies antigens on red blood cells according to the ABO and RhD systems. Knowing your blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusions, pregnancy care, and other medical procedures.

Carcinoembryonic antigen S-CEA is a valuable biomarker in medical diagnostics and treatment of specific cancers. While the assay offers important information, it should always be used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods and clinical assessment.

CA 125 is a protein that can be measured in the blood and is primarily used to detect and monitor ovarian cancer. Elevated levels can also be seen in other types of cancer and benign conditions; therefore, the results are interpreted in conjunction with other examinations.

CA 15-3 is a tumor marker often used to monitor breast cancer. Elevated levels can indicate the progression of the disease, but also occur in other forms of cancer or benign conditions. The analysis is an important tool, but should always be interpreted in combination with other clinical findings.

CA 19-9 is a glycoprotein that appears on the surface of some cancer cells. It is mainly associated with pancreatic cancer but can also be elevated in other conditions such as bile duct cancer and colorectal cancer. It is produced by normal cells in the gastrointestinal tract but in higher concentrations by cancer cells.

S-Ceruloplasmin is a copper-binding protein used to investigate copper deficiency and disorders such as Wilson's and Menkes disease. Elevated levels are seen in inflammation, while low levels may indicate copper deficiency with symptoms like anemia and osteoporosis.

Chromogranin (usually Chromogranin A) is a protein released from neuroendocrine cells and is used as a biomarker in the investigation and monitoring of neuroendocrine tumors. Elevated levels can also be seen with certain drug treatments and other medical conditions.

CRP is an abbreviation for C-reactive protein, which is part of our immune system. CRP is measured to check that you do not have an infection or inflammation in the body.

Eosinophilic granulocytes are white blood cells that are involved in the body's defense against allergies and parasites, are formed in the bone marrow and are used for the diagnosis of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, allergies or parasitic infections, and are included in a differential count of B cells, among other white blood cells.

The body's iron is stored by ferritin, which is a protein. A normal level of ferritin is important for the body's formation of hemoglobin which takes place through iron.

Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that binds free hemoglobin during hemolysis. It is used to investigate anemia, inflammation, and liver disease through blood analysis

HbA1c is a blood test that measures your long-term sugar, that is, blood sugar bound to red blood cells over a three-month period. HbA1c shows the level of blood sugar during that period.

Hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, it is produced in the bone marrow and is important for the body's function and for the diagnosis of diseases.

High-sensitivity CRP is a marker of inflammation and is used as an indicator of cardiovascular disease risk and low-grade inflammation.

High-sensitivity troponin I (hs-Troponin I) is a blood test used to detect early signs of heart damage, especially in cases of suspected heart attack.

B-HLA-B27 is an important biomarker analyzed through DNA extracted from leukocytes in whole blood. It is associated with several inflammatory diseases and is used to understand and diagnose various medical conditions.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is an enzyme that is found in the body's cells and is released when tissue is damaged. Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) indicate cell breakdown and tissue damage that may be related to cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, or liver.

Leukocytes are white blood cells that are important for the body's immune system and protect against infections and diseases by attacking harmful substances.

Lymphocytes are an important type of white blood cell in the immune system that includes B lymphocytes that produce antibodies and T lymphocytes that directly attack infected cells and cancer cells, and also contribute to the memory of previous encounters with foreign substances.

MCV stands for erythrocyte mean cell volume. Low or high levels of MCV can indicate anemia and other conditions and diseases.

Monocytes are white blood cells that make up about 2-8% of white blood cells and are important for the immune system which, when they reach the tissue, are transformed into macrophages and are specialized in capturing and destroying foreign particles and bacteria as well as helping to regulate inflammation and coordinate the immune system.

Myoglobin är ett viktigt protein i kroppens muskler som spelar en avgörande roll för syretransport och muskelhälsa. Dess huvudsakliga uppgift är att säkerställa att musklerna har tillräckligt med syre för att fungera effektivt, särskilt under fysisk aktivitet.

There are several different types of white blood cells, neutrophil granulocytes are one, these have all important tasks for the body's immune system.

HIV antigen is a part of the HIV virus, specifically a protein called p24 antigen. This antigen is a structural component of the virus.

PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase), also called PALP, is an enzyme/protein that is normally produced in the placenta but can be produced by certain tumors, especially germ cell cancers such as seminoma. Serum values ​​can also be strongly affected by smoking, which needs to be taken into account when interpreting.

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are cells important for blood clotting. They are produced in the bone marrow and help prevent bleeding by forming blood clots in the event of injury. The platelets attach to the site of injury and form a plug to stop the bleeding and protect the body.

Free PSA can be crucial in the investigation of prostate cancer. It represents the portion of PSA that is not bound to proteins in the blood. By measuring free PSA, doctors can be assisted in distinguishing between prostate cancer and other conditions. Read more about how free PSA is used in medical diagnostics to provide more accurate assessments and avoid unnecessary medical procedures.

Calculating the ratio of free PSA to total PSA is a useful method for evaluating prostate cancer risk, where a higher ratio often means lower risk and a lower ratio may indicate higher risk.

P-PK (INR) is a coagulation test that measures how quickly the blood clots and is used, among other things, in treatment with warfarin or in the investigation of liver disease.

P-Protein, also known as total protein, is the total concentration of all proteins in plasma. It plays a central role in the body's functions and is used to assess nutritional status as well as monitor inflammatory conditions.

SHBG is a protein produced in the liver that binds to sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol in the blood.

Measuring the sedimentation rate is a classic method to measure how quickly the blood cells sink downwards in a tube during 1 hour.

Leptin, also known as the body's satiety hormone, plays a crucial role in regulating appetite, energy balance, and body weight. But its function extends far beyond just signaling when we are full – the hormone is also linked to the immune system, inflammatory processes, and even our sleep cycle.

S-Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker used to identify bacterial infections and sepsis. The test helps guide antibiotic therapy and reduce resistance.

Transthyretin is an established laboratory marker in clinical chemistry used to assess hepatic protein synthesis and the body's current metabolic state. Due to its short half-life, its concentration is rapidly affected by changes in nutritional intake, inflammation, and liver disease, making the assay particularly useful for dynamic monitoring of nutritional status and hepatic synthetic capacity.

Transferrin receptor (P-sTfR) is a biomarker that reflects the body's need for iron at the cellular level. The analysis is primarily used to identify iron deficiency and functional iron deficiency, especially in conditions where ferritin is difficult to interpret.

The blood contains a protein called transferrin that binds iron in the body. The iron can be transported from the intestine to other parts of the body with the help of transferrin. TIBC (iron-binding capacity) measures how much transferrin is in the blood to transport iron.

Transferrin, a liver-made protein, transports iron to body tissues, including red blood cells, for hemoglobin production. It regulates iron levels and ensures adequate iron for hemoglobin and oxygen transport in the blood.

Troponin is an important biomarker used to diagnose myocardial damage, mainly in suspected myocardial infarction. Troponin when the heart muscle is damaged, making it a sensitive indicator of acute heart problems. Elevated troponin levels can be detected as early as a few hours after an injury and can remain elevated for several days, making it useful both in emergency diagnostics and for monitoring cardiac recovery. The troponin test is therefore a central tool in emergency healthcare and is used to quickly and effectively confirm or rule out a heart attack.