Antibodies

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies that are directed against structures in the body's own cell nuclei. ANA are detected in the blood in several autoimmune diseases, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but also in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases.

Anti-dsDNA är en autoantikropp som används som markör vid misstanke om systemisk lupus erythematosus (SLE), en autoimmun sjukdom. Ett positivt test kan vara en viktig pusselbit i diagnostiken.

Borrelia IgG-AK (antibodies) are antibodies against Borrelia bacteria and are used to identify previous Lyme infections. Tests for Borrelia antibodies IgG can provide valuable information about a person's exposure to Borrelia bacteria and help guide treatment decisions.

Borrelia IgM antibodies are the body's early defense against Borrelia infections. They are produced upon exposure to Borrelia bacteria and are particularly prominent in first-time infections, persist in the blood for over a year, and are weak or absent in a new infection in previously infected individuals.

Biomarker that demonstrates the concentration of IgG antibodies against the wuhan mutation, which are the antibodies that a vaccine normally aims to create because the body has the ability to retain them for a long time.

Biomarker that demonstrates the concentration of IgG antibodies against the Omicron mutation, which are the antibodies that a vaccine normally aims to create because the body has the ability to retain them for a long time.

Deamidated gliadin IgG antibodies are a biomarker used in suspected celiac disease, especially in people with IgA deficiency. The assay measures the immune system's reaction to a modified form of gluten and serves as an important complement to other antibody tests. An elevated value strengthens the suspicion of gluten intolerance and should always be assessed in a clinical context.

Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies IgG, are produced in response to previous infections and indicate immunity to the virus. by analyzing antibodies, previous infections and immunity status are confirmed.

HCV antibodies, a crucial component of the body's immune response to the hepatitis C virus, play a critical role in determining previous exposure to the virus and closely monitoring the infection.

Hepatitis B core antibodies (HBc-Ab) constitute a crucial component in the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection as well as in the assessment of immunity to the virus.

Hepatitis C core antibodies (HBc-Ab) play a crucial role in assessing immunity and prior exposure to the Hepatitis C virus.

Herpes simplex (HSV-1) is a common infection that often causes cold sores. A blood test that measures IgG antibodies can tell if you have had the virus in the past.

HSV-2 mainly causes genital herpes. A blood test that measures IgG antibodies can tell you if you have had a previous infection, with or without symptoms.

HIV1/HIV2- Ab/Ag is an analysis that is commonly used before IVF treatment or during pregnancy. The analysis is a combination test for the identification of antibodies and antigen.

HTLV-1/2-ak, or HTLV-1/2 antibodies, are specific antibodies with a crucial role in medical diagnostics. They are used to identify and assess infections and immunity to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viruses. This biomarker is also relevant in reproductive medicine, particularly in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments.

IgE antibodies are a type of antibody that is formed during allergic reactions and play an important role in the immune system against allergens. When a person is exposed to an allergen, IgE antibodies are formed that attach to mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine that causes symptoms such as itching, nasal congestion and skin rashes.

Chickenpox is a common infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. In the fight against this disease, immunoglobulin G (IgG), a specific type of antibody whose task is to create long-term immunity by fighting infections and viruses such as the varicella-zoster virus, plays a role.

IgG antibodies in relation to HIV are the body's specific defense against HIV infections. These antibodies are used to diagnose HIV, conduct screening, and monitor treatment effectiveness.

CMV IgG is an antibody that is formed after the body has been infected with Cytomegalovirus. The presence of CMV IgG in the blood indicates previous infection and long-term immunological protection. Analysis is performed, among other things, during pregnancy and before transplantation to assess immune status and risk of infection.

IgG antibodies to Hepatitis B constitute a central part of the body's immune response to Hepatitis B. By understanding the role and levels of IgG antibodies, one can not only determine immunity to Hepatitis B but also assess previous infections and vaccination status.

IgG antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin (antibody) produced by the immune system in response to a previous infection or exposure to a specific antigen, in this case, the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a central part of the body's immune system. The four subclasses of IgG—IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4—each have specific functions that play an important role in protecting against infections. Here, their unique roles and significance in maintaining our health are explored.

IgG-1 is a critical part of the body's immune system, providing protection against a wide range of pathogens, neutralizing toxins, and contributing to the regulation of immune activity. Its broad functions make it one of the most important components of the adaptive immune system.

IgG-2 is a specialized subclass of Immunoglobulin G that helps combat bacteria with polysaccharide capsules and enhances the immune system's ability to handle specific infections.

IgG-3 is a dynamic subclass of Immunoglobulin G that strengthens the immune system by activating the complement system and aiding in the elimination of viruses and bacteria.

IgG-4 is a unique subclass of Immunoglobulin G that regulates the immune system and reduces inflammation. It plays a vital role in prolonged immune responses and allergic conditions.

Discover the importance of IgM antibodies in Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox, shingles) diagnosis and monitoring. Read about complications, vaccinations and why IgM analysis is essential for early identification of ongoing VZV infections. Understand the immune response by measuring IgM levels and how they temporarily indicate recent infections.

CMV IgM is an antibody that appears early in a new or recently reactivated infection with Cytomegalovirus. The presence of CMV IgM in the blood may indicate an ongoing infection and is used in diagnostics in suspected primary infection, especially during pregnancy or in people with a weakened immune system.

IgM antibodies to Hepatitis B are an important part of the immune system's response to an ongoing or recently occurred Hepatitis B infection.

IgM antibodies are a type of antibodies that the body produces as part of its immune defense when exposed to a new infection. In the case of an HIV infection, IgM antibodies are the first antibodies that the body produces in response to the virus after a person has been infected.

IgM antibodies in Syphilis are a specific type of antibodies that the body produces in response to an early Syphilis infection.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an important antibody for the body's mucosal immunity, which is called the mucosal immune system. IgA is found in high concentrations in mucous membranes, such as those of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in body fluids such as saliva, tears and breast milk.

S-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody in the blood and plays a central role in the body's defense against infections. IgG protects against bacteria and viruses, neutralizes pathogens and promotes long-term immunity.

IgM or Immunoglobulin M is the first antibody formed in response to an infection and activates the immune system immediately. An increase in IgM levels is a clear indication of an ongoing or recent infection.

Marker that indicates the quality and gives an indication of how long your antibodies block the covid-19 mutation Wuhan.

Marker that demonstrates the quality and gives an indication of how long antibodies block the virus, i.e. prevents it from spreading.

Rubella IgG antibodies are a marker that indicates immunity to the rubella virus, either through previous infection or vaccination. IgG antibodies play an important role in the body's long-term defense against rubella (rubella), a disease that is particularly dangerous for pregnant women and the child.

Anti-ENA are autoantibodies directed against extractable nuclear antigens – proteins in the cell nucleus that are important for cell function. These antibodies are present in several systemic autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, polymyositis and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

S-Anti-Jo-1 is an autoantibody used in the diagnosis of inflammatory muscle disease, especially polymyositis and antisynthetase syndrome. Through a blood test, the marker can provide important information to identify autoimmune effects on the muscles and lungs.

S-Anti-RNP70 is a specific autoantibody that is used in analysis to investigate MCTD. The autoantibody provides important information when an individual exhibits mixed symptoms from multiple autoimmune diseases. A positive test strengthens the diagnosis and helps to distinguish MCTD from similar conditions.

S-Anti-RNP(U1) is an autoantibody, it is included in the investigation of systemic autoimmune diseases. The antibody is directed against ribonucleoproteins in the cell nucleus and is taken via blood sample. The result from the analysis of S-Anti-RNP(U1) helps doctors distinguish between different rheumatic diagnoses and is an important marker for unclear symptoms such as fever, joint pain or muscle pain.

S-Anti-Scl-70 is an autoantibody used in the diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). It is obtained via blood test and is an important marker in autoimmune investigations, especially when symptoms such as skin thickening, Raynaud's phenomenon or lung involvement are present.

S-Anti-Sm is an autoantibody that is strongly linked to SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). The antibody is rare, but it is very specific and is used to confirm the diagnosis of suspected autoimmune disease.

S-Anti-SSA (also called anti-Ro) is an autoantibody that is often used as a marker in autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and SLE. By analyzing the presence of these antibodies in the blood, doctors can obtain important information when investigating fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes or dry mucous membranes. S-Anti-SSA is also of great importance during pregnancy, as the antibodies can affect the fetus. In this guide, we will go through what S-Anti-SSA is, why it is tested and how a positive test result is interpreted.

S-Anti-SSB (also called anti-La) is an autoantibody that is often found in autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and SLE. It is analyzed with a blood test and is used to confirm the diagnosis, especially in combination with anti-SSA.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially severe viral disease transmitted by ticks, which can lead to neurological complications. To comprehend and diagnose this illness, IgG antibodies play a central role, as the body produces them in response to the TBE virus.

Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) poses a serious health threat transmitted by ticks, and to comprehend the early stage of this viral disease, the analysis of IgM antibodies is crucial. IgM antibodies, or Immunoglobulin M, represent the body's first line of defense against the TBE virus.

Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are important markers for understanding and diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases. In this article, we will explain what TgAb are, why they are tested, and what different levels may indicate.

Biomarker for indication that the body has an initial ability to take care of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Wuhan.

Biomarker for indication that the body has an initial ability to take care of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Omicron.

Specific Biomarker for indication of how the body can prevent the near-term spread of Sars-CoV-2 variant Wuhan.

Specific Biomarker for indication of how the body can prevent the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 variant Omicron in the near term.

TPO antibodies are autoantibodies that are formed against the enzyme TPO in the thyroid gland. TPO is responsible for converting iodine into hormones T4 and T3.

TRAK, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, can be analyzed to give better insight into what is causing thyroid problems. High TRAK levels can cause an autoimmune reaction and lead to the body's immune system attacking and damaging the thyroid cells.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and can cause chronic gastritis, ulcers and, in rare cases, cancer in the lower part of the stomach (gastric cancer). The infection is very common globally and the majority are infected in childhood, especially in low-income countries or in environments with overcrowding and poor hygiene.