When a person with a dog allergy comes into contact with these allergens, the immune system may react by producing antibodies and releasing histamine, leading to unpleasant symptoms. These symptoms can be seasonal if the person is exposed to dog allergens during certain periods, or they can be more constant if the individual has close contact with dogs regularly.
Causes of dog allergy
Dog allergy is rooted in an overreaction of the immune system, where it mistakenly identifies common substances as invaders. This leads to the production of antibodies designed to fight these substances, even though they are actually harmless. In the case of dog allergy, it is usually small proteins from the dog's skin cells, saliva, or urine that cause allergic reactions and stick to the dog's fur, rather than the dog hair itself. Most people with dog allergies experience their allergic reactions when they are indoors near dogs. However, outdoor contact with dogs can also trigger allergic issues. It is possible to react to direct contact with dogs or to allergens spread through the air that can stick to dog owners' clothing.
The reasons why some people develop dog allergies are not yet fully understood, but there are indications that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. This means that a person's hereditary disposition, combined with exposure to allergens, can increase the risk of developing a dog allergy. It is a complex interplay between genes and the environment that contributes to the onset of the allergy.
Symptoms of dog allergy can vary from person to person and may include:
- Runny nose: One of the most common symptoms of dog allergy is a runny nose, which may be persistent or occur sporadically.
- Sneezing: People with dog allergies often experience frequent sneezing when they are near dogs or exposed to dog allergens.
- Itchy, watery eyes: The eyes can become red, itchy, and watery as a reaction to dog allergens.
- Breathing difficulties: Some people may experience breathing difficulties such as wheezing or chest tightness when exposed to dogs or dog allergens.
- Skin reactions: Skin reactions, such as rashes or eczema, can occur if the skin comes into direct contact with dogs or dog hair containing allergens.
It is important to note that symptoms of dog allergy can vary in severity, and some people may experience mild symptoms while others may have more serious reactions. If you suspect you have a dog allergy and are experiencing symptoms, it is wise to consult a doctor or allergist for an accurate diagnosis and to discuss appropriate treatment options to manage your allergic reactions.
How is dog allergy detected?
To determine an allergy, medical tests are primarily used in combination with medical history:
- Skin prick test: A drop of allergen is placed on the skin, which is then lightly scratched. Swelling within 15 minutes indicates an allergy.
- Blood test (IgE test): Measures the amount of antibodies against dog proteins in the blood.
- Component test: Advanced tests that show exactly which protein you react to (e.g., if you only react to male dogs).
How is dog allergy treated?
There are three main ways to manage the symptoms:
1. Medical symptom relief
Over-the-counter medications help most people manage daily life:
- Antihistamines: Tablets that block the allergic reaction.
- Corticosteroid nasal spray: Reduces swelling and nasal congestion.
- Eye drops: Relieves local itching in the eyes.
2. Preventive measures in the home
If the dog remains in the home, the following can reduce allergen levels:
- Special shampoo: Washes away the proteins that cause the reaction.
- Air purifiers: Models with HEPA filters capture airborne particles.
- Dog-free zones: Keep the bedroom completely free of pets.
3. Allergy vaccination (Immunotherapy)
For severe cases, Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is offered. Over 3–5 years, the patient receives small doses of allergen to gradually desensitize the immune system and reduce sensitivity over time.
Note: If you suspect a dog allergy, you should always consult a doctor or allergist for a professional diagnosis before starting long-term treatment.
