What is Pernicious Anemia?
Pernicious anemia is a type of blood disorder caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency. The underlying cause of pernicious anemia is the body’s inability to absorb enough B12 from food. This is usually due to an autoimmune disease that destroys the cells in the stomach that produce a protein called intrinsic factor, which is necessary for B12 absorption.
Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells and the proper functioning of the nervous system. Without it, the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells.
Common Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia
The symptoms can develop gradually and may include:
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Heart palpitations
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
- Memory problems
- Difficulty concentrating
If left untreated, pernicious anemia can lead to severe neurological damage.
Hereditary Factors, Risk Factors, and MortalityBefore vitamin B12 treatments became available, pernicious anemia was a fatal condition. With timely treatment, mortality is now very rare. However, long-term untreated anemia can lead to heart failure and other complications.
Pernicious anemia can be hereditary, as autoimmune diseases often run in families. Other risk factors include:
- Age over 60 years.
- Autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto’s or type 1 diabetes.
- Gastric surgery or long-term use of medications that affect stomach acid levels.
Treatment and Prognosis
Pernicious anemia is typically treated with:
- Regular vitamin B12 injections to normalize levels.
- High-dose oral vitamin B12 supplements in certain cases.
- Increased intake of B12-rich foods such as meat, eggs, fish, and dairy products.
With proper treatment, most individuals have a good prognosis and can live a normal life without symptoms. Regular follow-ups are important to monitor B12 levels and prevent complications.
