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Lumbar spine

The lower part of the spine, the lumbar spine, is an important structure for the body's stability and movement. The lumbar spine is particularly vulnerable to stress injuries and pain.

Contents

Quick version

What is the lower back?

The lower back, or lumbar spine, consists of the five lowest vertebrae in the spine, designated L1–L5. A large portion of the body's weight is supported by the lumbar spine, which is also central to many movements, such as bending and twisting. The anatomy of the lumbar spine includes vertebrae, discs, muscles, and nerves that work together to provide support and flexibility.

Function and biomechanics

The lumbar spine acts as a supportive hub between the upper and lower body. It absorbs shock, enables movement, and protects the nerves of the spinal cord. The muscles in the lower back help stabilize and move the torso.

Common causes of lower back pain

Lower back pain can be caused by overuse, poor posture, herniated discs, sciatica, muscle strains, or chronic conditions such as spinal stenosis. Stress and a sedentary lifestyle can also contribute.

Symptoms of lower back pain

Typical symptoms of lower back pain are characterized by localized pain in the lower back, stiffness, difficulty moving, radiating pain into the legs (sciatica), and numbness. Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause.

Examination and diagnosis

Diagnosis can include a clinical examination, movement tests, and sometimes imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI of the lower back, or CT. During an examination, the doctor also assesses nerve function and muscle strength.

Treatment of low back pain

Treatment is tailored to the cause and may include painkillers, physiotherapy, exercise, manual therapy or surgery in severe cases. Activity and movement are often more important than rest.

Relevant symptoms

  • Local pain in the lower back
  • Stiffness in the back
  • Pain when bending or twisting
  • Radiating pain in the legs (sciatica)
  • Numbness or weakness in the legs

Related conditions and diagnoses

  • Back pain (acute lumbago)
  • Herniated disc
  • Sciatica
  • Spinal stenosis
  • Muscle strains
  • Chronic low back pain

Questions and answers

The lumbar spine is the lower part of the spine, consisting of the five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5). It supports the upper body and enables movements such as bending and twisting. The lumbar spine is particularly exposed to stress, making it a common source of pain during activities such as sitting or lifting heavy objects.

Common causes of lower back pain include muscle strain, poor posture, inactivity, herniated discs, or age-related changes. The pain can also occur in conjunction with stress or underlying medical conditions.

It is when a sudden and severe pain occurs in the lower back, often caused by an acute locking or muscle spasm. It can be triggered by incorrect movements, lifting or straining. The condition is usually harmless and resolves with rest and a gradual return to movement.

Sciatica is a condition characterized by pain that radiates from the lower back into one leg, often down the foot. It may be accompanied by numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness. A clinical assessment by a doctor and sometimes imaging tests are needed to make a diagnosis.

Yes, in most cases, appropriate physical activity is beneficial. Exercises that strengthen the core muscles and promote mobility can speed up recovery. However, avoid exercises that aggravate the pain, especially heavy lifting or twisting movements.

Treatment for low back pain often involves a combination of pain management, physical activity, and rehabilitation. Physical therapy, ergonomic adjustments, and in some cases, manual therapy may provide relief. For long-term or recurring pain, medical care should be sought.

A herniated disc is usually not dangerous, but it can cause significant discomfort and affect the function of the back. Most herniated discs heal on their own. Surgery is only considered for severe or long-term problems with nerve function.

Seek medical attention if your back pain is very severe, does not improve within a few weeks, or if you experience numbness, weakness, fever, or difficulty controlling your urine or stool. These symptoms may indicate a more serious condition.

Yes, prolonged stress can contribute to muscle tension in the back, which in turn can lead to or worsen pain. Stress also affects the body's pain system. Relaxation, sleep, physical activity and stress management are important parts of treatment.

Treatment with a chiropractor or naprapath can help some people with low back pain, especially for muscle and joint-related problems. The effect varies between individuals, and treatment should always be tailored to the individual's needs and diagnosis.