Common symptoms of dementia
The symptoms that occur can vary depending on the type of dementia, but most people experience some form of:
Memory problems
- Difficulty remembering new information
- Frequently repeating questions or losing the thread in conversations
- Forgetting recent events or scheduled appointments
Difficulties with planning and problem-solving
- Difficulty making decisions
- Loss of ability to organize or follow instructions
- Difficulty managing finances, medications, or household tasks
Impaired judgment
- Making unusual choices or behaving in ways that differ from what is typical
- May become suspicious or have difficulty interpreting social situations
Language difficulties
- Struggling to find words or using incorrect words in the wrong context
- Difficulty understanding long sentences or expressing oneself clearly
Reduced orientation ability
- Getting lost, even in familiar places
- Difficulty keeping track of dates, time, or seasons
Changes in behavior and mood
- Becoming more easily irritated, low, or anxious
- Withdrawing from social activities
- Showing personality changes
In addition to cognitive symptoms that affect memory, language, and behavior, dementia can also cause physical symptoms – especially in later stages or in certain types of dementia. These may include walking difficulties, stiffness, slowed movements, balance problems, or swallowing difficulties. Sleep problems, urinary incontinence, and weight loss are also common in many people with advanced dementia.
Symptoms may vary depending on the type of dementia
The symptom profile of dementia can differ from person to person. This is because there are different forms of dementia, some of which primarily affect memory, while others more strongly impact concentration, mobility, or behavior.
Vascular dementia – linked to blood vessels and stroke
Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. It can occur after a stroke or as a result of repeated small blood clots that over time damage brain tissue.
Unlike Alzheimer’s disease, symptoms of vascular dementia may:
- appear suddenly, for example after a stroke
- or develop stepwise, with distinct periods of deterioration
Common symptoms of vascular dementia include:
- reduced ability to concentrate
- slower thinking
- difficulty planning and making decisions
- walking difficulties or an unsteady gait
Memory problems may be less prominent initially compared to other forms of dementia.
Lewy body dementia – combined cognitive and motor symptoms
This form of dementia is caused by deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein, known as Lewy bodies, in the brain. Lewy body dementia affects both thinking processes and motor function.
Typical symptoms of Lewy body dementia include:
- visual hallucinations, which often occur early in the disease
- fluctuating attention, where the person may be clear-minded one moment and confused the next
- stiffness, slowed movements, and tremors, similar to Parkinson’s disease
Lewy body dementia therefore shares features with both Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, which can sometimes make the diagnosis more complex.
Early signs of dementia
Early symptoms can be difficult to detect – especially for the person affected by dementia. It is often relatives who first notice that something is not quite right. Examples of early signs include that the person affected by dementia:
- Has difficulty keeping up with conversations
- Loses interest in activities that were previously important
- Becomes more forgetful and confused in everyday situations
If you notice such changes in yourself or a loved one, it is wise to seek help early. There is a great deal of support available – and the earlier dementia is detected, the better the chances of slowing its progression.
When should I seek medical care?
You should contact healthcare services if you:
- Experience memory problems that affect daily life
- Have difficulty managing finances, medications, or other practical tasks
- Notice changes in your behavior or personality
- Have a relative you are wo